Electrophysiological Assessments of Time- Course Effects on Diabetic peripheral Neuropathy and Their Correlation to the Current Hypotheses

Electrophysiological Assessments of Time- Course Effects on Diabetic peripheral Neuropathy and Their Correlation to the Current Hypotheses

I. W. Muflih*, A. M. Abdul-Kareem**, G. A. Al-Sharify***

*Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine, **Sadam College of Medicine, Baghdad, ***Al-Yarmouk Hospital, Baghdad.

Received : 19-08-2000 , Accepted : 01-09-2001

Language: English

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus patients (number = 228) of insulin dependent (IDDM, two groups) and non- insulin dependent (NIDDM, two groups) were enrolled in the present study. Each of the two groups of the patients were comprising a group of less than ten years and another group of more than ten years duration of the disease. Seven peripheral nerves were tested electrophysiologically for their latency, velocity and amplitude. The obtaiened results showed significant differences between the two types of the disease durations. Measurments in terms of increased latencies with reduction in the sensory and motor conductive velocities, along with reduction in amplitudes were found more evident in diabetic patients with more than ten years duration in comparison to patients of less than ten years duration of the disease. The obtained results of the present work suggests a recommendation for the mixed metabolic- vascular pathogenesis hypothesis that concern the diabetic neuropathy. Key words: Time – course effects on diabetic neuropathy

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Application of Water Allocation System Model to the Palestinian - Israeli Water Conflict

Application of Water Allocation System Model to the Palestinian - Israeli Water Conflict

Anan Jayyousi

Water and Environmental Studies Institute, An-Najah N.University, Nablus, Palestine.

Received : 17-09-2000 , Accepted : 01-09-2001

Language: English

Abstract

Water in the Middle East is a scarce resource. This scarcity is adding another dimension to the conflict between Palestinians and Israelis. This dimension is the conflict over the ownership and the distribution of water. In the late nineties experts both in and out of the region started to estimate the value of water in dispute. These ideas were elaborated in a computer model called Water Allocation System (WAS 3.3). The paper applied the WAS 3.3 model to explore the economic consequences of various water scenarios. The questions answered in this paper are related to the distribution of water in the region, the production of additional water to cover the growing demand, the provisions for dry years, the allocation of costs and benefits and price charge to the consumers of water. Variables in the various scenarios are population growth and land ownership and the ownership of water. In this paper, only implications and results from the Palestinian side will be discussed. Also, all the simulations in this paper are taken for the planning year 2010. The outcome of this paper shows that additional quantities of water should be made available to the Palestinians, regardless of the assumed scenarios in the different simulations. Also, the outcome shows that all parties in the region will gain if cooperation exists between these parties once the question of water rights is determined.

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Oxidation of some Alicyclic Amines by Potassium Hexacyanoferrate (III) in Alkaline Medium: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study

Oxidation of some Alicyclic Amines by Potassium Hexacyanoferrate (III) in Alkaline Medium: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study

M. M. Al-Subu, A. A. Amer, W. J. Jondi, M. Hanoun, M. J. Musmar

a Dept. of Chem., b College of Pharmacy, An-Najah N. Univ. Nablus, Palestine.

Received : 14-02-2001 , Accepted : 13-06-2001

Language: English

Abstract

Oxidation of some alicyclic amines (morpholine, piperazine and piperidine) by potassium hexacyanoferrate(???) in basic medium has been investigated at 35°C. Stoichiometric results showed that four moles of hexacyanoferrate(III) were consumed per mole of piperidine or morpholine whereas piperazine consumed eight moles of the oxidant to produce the corresponding lactams. Kinetic studies indicated that piperidine and morpholine also followed different kinetics from that of piperazine, being first order in the amine concentration and independent of the concentrations of hexacyanoferrate(???) and hydroxide ion, while in the case of piperazine, the reaction was first order in both oxidant and substrate concentrations and zero order with respect to the concentration of hydroxide ion. The changes in reaction rate due to changing ionic strength of the medium as well as other factors has also been investigated. The activation parameters of the oxidation process have been evaluated and a mechanism consistent with the observed kinetics has been proposed. Keywords: Hexacyanoferrate(???), morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, oxidation, lactam.

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Critical Amplitude of Acoustical Attenuation in Mode-Coupling Theory for the Binary Mixture Aniline and Cyclohexane

Critical Amplitude of Acoustical Attenuation in Mode-Coupling Theory for the Binary Mixture Aniline and Cyclohexane

Issam R. Abdelraziq

Physics Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 30-10-2000 , Accepted : 07-05-2001

Language: English

Abstract

Using Hornowski’s theoretical modification of the critical amplitude, the experimental ??(crit)/?u(?)2A(T) values from mode-coupling theory of a binary liquid mixture aniline – cyclohexane have been compared with the theoretical expressions given by Fixman, Kawasaki, Mistura, and Chaban. The experimental data at low reduced frequencies ?* has been found to agree well with the Hornowski’s model of A(T). However, for the large values of reduced frequency ?* > 10 the mode-coupling theory of Shiwa and Kawasaki still exhibits poor agreement with the observed data, mainly due to the form of scaling function. The correlation length ?0 has been calculated by using ?0 ( the critical amplitude of the characteristic relaxation rate ) which gives the best fitting to the theoretical critical amplitude. The adiabatic coupling constant g and the diffusion coefficient D0 have been obtained using Hornowski’s expression of the critical amplitude.

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Developing and Implementing an Integrated Pavement Monitoring and Management Approach for the Palestinian Territories

Developing and Implementing an Integrated Pavement Monitoring and Management Approach for the Palestinian Territories

Osama A. Abaza, Sameer A. Abu-Eisheh

Dept. of Civil Eng., Faculty of Engineering, An-Najah N. Univ., Nablus, Palestine.

Received : 06-11-2000 , Accepted : 01-09-2001

Language: English

Abstract

The provision of proper transportation services would play a basic role in future development plans for the Palestinian territories. The road network, which forms the backbone of the transportation system in the Palestinian territories, suffered seriously from the constraints imposed on its development by the Israeli authorities. Since the establishment of the Palestinian authority few years ago, limited budgets were allocated to maintain the road network in the Palestinian territories. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement a pavement monitoring and management system aiming at identifying the prevailing conditions of the pavement structures, assessing these conditions, and defining the proper corrective measures. The paper highlights the approach which was developed to assist Palestinian decision-makers to evaluate and define the measures to rehabilitate the damaged pavement structures of the road network in the Palestinian territories. First, the paper presents a general background related to road conditions in the Palestinian territories. This is followed by a presentation of the suggested methodology to develop an integrated tool to evaluate, maintain, and rehabilitate road pavements in the Palestinian territories. The paper presents a number of case studies performed for three different urban and rural locations in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations, which include the need to apply the indicated approach as a first step to develop a comprehensive program for the establishment of a pavement management system for the Palestinian territories. Keywords: pavement evaluation, pavement maintenance, pavement rehabilitation, pavement monitoring and management

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Determination of Aminophylline by Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry

Determination of Aminophylline by Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry

Raqi M. H. Shubietah

Faculty of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 30-10-2000 , Accepted : 07-05-2001

Language: English

Abstract

Aminophylline is determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) in BR buffer, pH 7.5 at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The detection limit was 3x10-8 M after 60 s accumulation at -0.60 V versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The linear range demonstrated up to 5x10-7 M using CSV. The interference caused by some purine derivatives, anions and some metal cations on the peak current was studied. The peak current is enhanced by theophylline, some methylguanines and copper (II) while it decreased or disappeared by citrate, chloride and Triton X-100 surfactant. The method has good sensitivity and its application to pharmaceutical samples is possible. Keywords: Determination of aminophylline, stripping voltammetry, cathodic stripping voltammetry, adsorptive voltammetry, dosage forms

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The Treatment of Some Deviation Cases in Non-Standard Data Using Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing Applied to Arabic Language

The Treatment of Some Deviation Cases in Non-Standard Data Using Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing Applied to Arabic Language

Bilal Alshafei

bshafi2@hotmail.com

Department of French, College of Art, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestinian Territories

Received : 06-03-2006 , Accepted : 05-08-2007

Language: English

Abstract

The aim of this study is to try to investigate the problem of deviation in non-standard data generated by inquiry into Arabic language, using research engines or some Natural Language Processing programs (NLP) applied to Arabic. The deviation could be corrected by using expert systems and some neural networking. It will try to analyze these issues from both linguistic point of view and technological point of view in order to find the best way to build a model of work that could find solutions for some deviant cases using Artificial Intelligence (Expert Systems and neural networks). Above all, this work could serve as a starting point for farther research on the deviant cases.

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Level of Management Innovation at the Palestinian Ministries

Level of Management Innovation at the Palestinian Ministries

Majed El-Farra

melfarra@iugaza.edu.ps

Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Commerce, Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine.

Received : 12-02-2007 , Accepted : 05-08-2007

Language: English

Abstract

This research aims to investigate the level of management innovation at the Palestinian ministries. The different variables which influence innovation were examined. These variables include, directing a creative business, developing creative capability, building a creative culture, managing learning for new ideas, organizing for creativity and taking wise decisions. Descriptive analytical methods were utilized. In addition, both primary and secondary sources were used. Further a stratified random sample of 400 persons was used. The Palestinian ministries enjoy a satisfactory level of innovation. However, they do not encourage the flow of new ideas. The rules and regulations are allowed to hinder work and directors do not encourage direct communication with their subordinates. Further, the organizations' of Palestinian ministries were not support creativity or taking wise decisions. The study recommended establishing a creative culture of innovation. This requires long-term training and education strategy. Regulations and bylaws should be improved. Directors should empower their subordinates and encourage direct communication with them.

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Level of Reflective Thinking of Undergraduate and Higher Education Students at An-Najah National University

Ali- Al-Shaka'a

a-shakaa@hotmail.com

Received : 22-01-2007 , Accepted : 03-10-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of reflective thinking of bachelor and higher education students at An-najah National University, furthermore, determine the differences in reflective thinking according to type of college, gender and academic level variables. To achieve these purposes Eysenck & Welson Reflectiveness scale had been applied to (641) students. The results revealed a good level of reflective thinking of students at An-Najah National University, where the mean of response was (23.21) degree out of (30), with percentage (77.66%). In addition, the results revealed that there were significant differences in reflective thinking due to type of college and academic level variables, while there were no significant differences in reflective thinking due to gender. Based on the study findings, the researcher recommended to encourage academic staff in participating in thinking training programs.

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The Future of the Palestinian Question between Political Negotiations and Armed Resistance

The Future of the Palestinian Question between Political Negotiations and Armed Resistance

Othman Othman

oothmanq@hotmail.com

Received : 28-08-2006 , Accepted : 03-10-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aimed at assessing the Palestinian-Israeli negotiations and the armed resistance of Al-Aqsa Uprising and their consequences on the Palestine Question. The researcher reached the following findings: The Oslo Agreement and the subsequent agreements do not supply a solid ground to achieve peace and security in the Middle East region based upon Israeli occupation from the Palestinian territories occupied in 1967, and achieving independence and freedom for the Palestinian people. The political negotiations as a sole strategic option under American patronage biased to Israel do not form an appropriate instrument to achieve the required peace, Israel has exploited the negotiations and calming down to reduce the ceiling of the Palestinian demands and getting more political concessions, and for the duplication of settlement to create political events on the land which is difficult to surpass. On the other hand, the study concludes that the continuation of uprising led to the retreat of the settlement and to the occurrence of an opposite migration, and to the compulsion of Sharon

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Estimate the Levels of Anxiety of Female Students in Physical Education College at Yarmouk University in Gymnastics Courses

Estimate the Levels of Anxiety of Female Students in Physical Education College at Yarmouk University in Gymnastics Courses

Gada Al–Khasawneh

gkhasawnih@yahoo.com

Received : 12-06-2006 , Accepted : 03-10-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The current Study aimed to estimate the levels of anxiety of female students in Physical Education College at Yarmouk University in Gymnastics Courses. In order to achieve this Purpose the researcher used Sbeilberger scale to measure anxiety and self check list to Measure anxiety cases and Trait. The sample Consisted of (40) female students who were Chosen purposely to measure their anxiety before the final exam. After applying the two Instruments and analyzing Data the study concluded that. There are significant statistical differences between both categories in State anxiety before the test. While there are no differences in Trait anxiety levels. The researcher recommended that: 1) Increasing attention of the physiological preparation of students. 2) Using all the means that enabling female students to cope with the actual circumstances of those tests and their related issues.

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Koranic Intertextuality in the Modern Omani Poetry

Koranic Intertextuality in the Modern Omani Poetry

Naser Jabber (Shabaneh)

shabaneh@hu.edu.jo

Received : 10-03-2007 , Accepted : 05-08-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

Intertextuality is considered one of the most distinct techniques, which modern poets attended to and took notice of for being a sort of intertextuality that accord enrichment and abundance to the text and contributes to keeping it away from straightforward and elocutionary. This research work concentrates on a kind of intertextuality in the modern Omani poetry, which is the Koranic intertextuality i.e. overlapping between the poetic text and Koranic text, because it is the most common and widespread in this kind of poetry. After presenting a theoretical introduction showing the meaning of the term intertextuality and his own perspective in this regard, in a bid to find a corresponding one in our Arabic heritage, the researcher sets out to studying its patterns using an applied analytical study distinguishing between the method of its use in the traditional poem and the modern poem, without omitting the tracking of such use and its particularity in the light of its application in the Arab poem.

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Altruism and Helping for a Sample of Children's Teachers in Jordan

Altruism and Helping for a Sample of Children's Teachers in Jordan

Hanan Al Anani

hejsanani@hotmail.com

Received : 02-12-2006 , Accepted : 05-08-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the altruism and helping for a sample of children's teachers in Jordan and to determine the effect of both genders, and age on helping. The study also aimed to expose the relative importance of helping motives according to the children's teachers from Wadi El-Seir District,. The validity and reliability of the scale were ensured, the study showed that: 1) The helping degree was high. 2) There were a significant differences in the degree of altruistic behavior due to gender (for males). 3) There were no significant differences in the degree of helping due to age. 4) There were significant differences in the degree of helping due to gender (for males). 5) There were no significant differences in the degree of low -cost helping due to age and gender or the interaction between both of them. 6) According to the children's teachers, the most significant helping motives are: religion, self-reinforcement, responsibility, efficiency, and empathy.

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The Effect of Proposed Physical Fitness Program on Some of the Motor Sensory Perception and Skill Performance of Gymnastic Beginners

The Effect of Proposed Physical Fitness Program on Some of the Motor Sensory Perception and Skill Performance of Gymnastic Beginners

Imad Abdelhaq

prof_imad@yahoo.com

Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 30-10-2006 , Accepted : 05-08-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of proposed physical fitness program on some of the Motor Sensory Perception (MSP) and skill performance of female Gymnastic beginners. To achieve that the study conducted on (18) subjects and they were pre and post tested in the following (MSP) elements: (strength, time, and distance) and skill performance. The results revealed significant differences in (MSP) elements: (strength, time, and distance) and skill performance between pre and post tests in favour of post test. Furthermore, there was a reduction in error estimation in (MSP) elements. Based on this study finding the researcher recommended to increase attention on physical preparation before teaching motor skills.

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The Change in Engagement Ceremonies in three Villages in the Northern Area of the West Bank According to Husbands

The Change in Engagement Ceremonies in three Villages in the Northern Area of the West Bank According to Husbands

Iyad Amawi

iyadamawi@hotmail.com

Received : 26-11-2006 , Accepted : 05-08-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The main aim of this research is to follow up the changes that have occurred on marriage ceremony in Palestine village regarding engagement ceremonies as a result of economic, political, social and ideological changes that Palestine has experienced since the 1950s up to current times, through offering descriptive analysis. To achieve this aim, the researcher benefited from both Social Survey and Case Study methodologies. He used the questionnaire as execution of the Social Survey method, and the open deep interview as execution of the case Study method. The purposive sample used classified into two sections: The first consists of (250) persons subjected to the research, whom the researcher has met when he distributed the questionnaire research form; the second consists of (15) persons whom the researcher deeply and openly met. Thus the number of individuals in the sample is (265), who constitute (8.5%) of the research population containment all married males in villages (Bala, Dir Alqusoun, Ektaba) whose number mounts to (3114) married persons. The most important results of the research show that there are some changes in wedding tradition such as sending the crew – jaha to the bride's family house before engagement, also the way of inviting men to the engagement ceremony shifted from oral and papered invitation written by hand to printed ones. The place where attendance and guests are welcomed changed to public halls as diwans and public wedding halls instead of houses. During Jordanian Phase the attendance were served with "Ma'moul" pieces, then changed to a piece of chocolates in the 2nd Intifada phase. Also there is a change toward allowing the "bridegroom" to sit and go out with his fiancé alone without any objection from parents or society, after it was impossible in the past. Finally, the results didn't show any changes neither in the way of proposing to the bride since the bridegroom's father was the only responsible for such role, nor in the length of engagement which averages from 1-6 months.

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Levels of the Secondary School Principals Practice of their Supervisory Competences as Perceived by Teachers in the Northern Goverrates of Palestine

Levels of the Secondary School Principals Practice of their Supervisory Competences as Perceived by Teachers in the Northern Goverrates of Palestine

Chassan Hilo

ghhilo@najah.edu

Department of Primary Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 09-10-2006 , Accepted : 05-08-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aimes at investigating the level of practice of supervisory competences for the secondary school principals in the light of the variables of: (gender, scientific qualifications, experience, and the directory) from the teachers' perspictives in the northern Governates of Palestine. The study's sample consisted of (250) teachers, selected randomly to represent (5%) of the study population (3913) teachers in the scholastic year 2005/2006. To accomplish the study's objectives, the researcher developed a questionnaire that consists of (82) items covereing (9) supervisory domains. The questionnaire adoptes Likert Scale to measure the level of the supervisors practice of their competences. The study found that the most practiced supervisory competence were in the domains of human relationships (79.8%), class management environment (75.2%), and educational evaluation (74.8%), where as the least practice competence was on the domain of curriculum and methods of teaching (64.4%). The results also indicate that there were significant differences at (a = 0.05) in most supervisory domains on the variable of gender, the results lean to male teachers. Furthermore, the study reveals that there was significant differences at (a = 0.05) among teachers experiences levels in the domains of planning and development, humanitarian relationships, school tests, professional growth of teachers, and curriculum and methods of teaching; the results were in favour of (5-10) years of experience level. In addition, the study showed a significant difference, in all domains among teachers due to the variable of directory in favour of Salfeet Directory. According to the findings of the study, the researcher recommends that school principals and teachers should have trainging courses in supervisory practices.

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Image of the Educational Counselor in Government Schools in Northern Governorates of Palestine as Perceived by School Principals

Image of the Educational Counselor in Government Schools in Northern Governorates of Palestine as Perceived by School Principals

Rasmyah Abdel Qader

rasmyahannoun@hotmail.com

Received : 12-06-2007 , Accepted : 05-08-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study sought to identify the image of the educational counselor as perceived by school principals. It also sought to find out the role of sex, place of work, age, years of experience, marital status and academic qualification in shaping this negative or positive image. The population of the study consisted of 642 principals of both sexes in northern governorates of Palestine: Nablus, Qalqilya, Salfit, Kabatiya, Jenin and Tulkarm. The sample of the study, randomly selected, consisted of 134 principals, or 20.9% of the population of the study. The researcher developed a questionnaire and distributed it among the subjects of the study. She also conducted interviews with a representative sample of the principals. After data collection and analysis, using SPSS, it was found that the school principals had a high positive attitude towards the school counselors. The arithmetic average of the subjects’ responses was 3.89 or 77.8%. In addition, the results showed significant statistical differences in vaiables, place of work in favor of city over village, and years of experience in favor of people with more than 20 years of experience over those with 6-20 years of experience. However, there were no statistically significant differences in variables of sex, academic qualification, marital status and age. In the light of these findings, the researcher recommends further clarification of the concept of educational counseling and its process through mass media, print and electronic, to make the information accessible to all sections of the society. In addition, a private room has to be allocated for the educational counselor in order to do his/her work effectively and efficiently.

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Teachers Morale Levels and Sources among Basic School Teachers in Nablus City (Palestine)

Teachers Morale Levels and Sources among Basic School Teachers in Nablus City (Palestine)

Abed Assaf, Huda Assaf

abedassaf@najah.edu

Received : 13-12-2006 , Accepted : 05-08-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The aim of this study was to find out the level and sources of morale among elementary school teachers in the light of sex, age, marital status, scientific degree, and years of teaching experience. To achieve that the study was conducted on a sample of (121) teachers which represented (33%) of the target population. The average weight of the five morale factors were (2.73) which showed that the elementary school teachers morale was low and ranged as follows: Relations with colleagues (3.1), Incentives of salaries and promotion (2.81), job environment (2.78), leadership and administration (2.68), and rules and regulations (2.47). The study showed also that there is a significant mean difference of morale due to sex, which means that male teachers have higher morale than female teachers, but other demographic variables were not significant, and the interaction between sex and other demographic variables also were not significant. The results were interpreted in the light of other previous studies, and political and economic difficulties that the teachers experienced as a result of the Israeli occupation procedures in Palestine. In light of the study results the researchers recommend: 1) The Ministry of Education should review the rules, regulations, concerning teacher appointments, promotions and incentives and improve them. 2) Qualifying school principals by holding continuous training programs about Educational administration, leadership, morale and comprehensive quality management.

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The Minister Nizam Al-Mulk and His Role in the Saljuq State's Public Life

The Minister Nizam Al-Mulk and His Role in the Saljuq State's Public Life

Hani Abu Al-Rub

habu-al-rob@qou.edu

Received : 06-02-2007 , Accepted : 26-05-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This research casts the light on the Saljuq minister Nizam al-Mulk and his role in the political, administrative and cultural life. Despite poverty, he fulfilled his ambition of being a minister by his intelligence and personal qualifications. During his ministry, which lasted thirty years, he achieved a lot in security and justice. He abolished taxes and established the feudal military system instead of the salary system. He crowned his achievements with his book "Seyasat-nameh" (Kings' Policies) which includes the sum of his experience in administration and policy. In addition to that he encouraged education by establishing libraries and schools, paying salaries for teachers and students, honoring the Sunni scholars especially the Shafiate followers, as he was one of them. That led the Ismaelia (A Shia group) to rebel against him accusing him of being fanatic, and the Sultan accused him of political tyranny which led to his assassination.

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The Sibahis and their Relationship with the People in the Countryside of the Jerusalem during the 17th Century

The Sibahis and their Relationship with the People in the Countryside of the Jerusalem during the 17th Century

Ibrahim Rabaya

ibrahimrabayaa20@yahoo.com

Received : 04-12-2006 , Accepted : 26-05-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aims at identifying the nature of the relations between the citizens and the Ottoman armies which took over the lands of Jerusalem countryside. First, the study deals parts of Ottoman armies scattered in Jerusalem district and their duties. Then, the study points out to the methods of organizing the relation among Sibahis themselves from one side and their relation with citizens on another side of their obligation to the duties and responsibilities stated in the Ottoman records. The study also discusses of the life situations in the countryside according to the nature and human conditions, then the study considers the topic of the family and the women in Palestinian countryside.

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Islamic University of Gaza Faculty Attitudes towards Students' Evaluation of their Performance

Islamic University of Gaza Faculty Attitudes towards Students' Evaluation of their Performance

Alyan El Holy

aelholy@iugaza.edu

Received : 05-09-2006 , Accepted : 10-04-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The study aimed at examining the attitudes of the Islamic University faculty towards student evaluation of their performance in addition to presenting IUG experience in evaluating teaching performance by students. The analytical descriptive method was used. The sample consisted from 131 IUG faculty members. A questionnaire was developed. It consisted from three parts in addition to an open-ended question. Results showed that: 1) In spite of its newness, IUG experience was rich and lavish in relation to its tools and results. 2) Faculty attitudes towards student evaluation were neutral in general. 3) Faculty attitudes toward students' evaluation were positive in many items. 4) Faculty attitudes towards students' evaluation were negative in some items. 5) Results showed that there are two- way interactions between the age and academic rank variables in addition to three way interactions between the age, academic rank and the country of the certificate. Recommendations emphasized the following: the importance of the diffusion of quality of culture, the use of different faculty assessment tools, student awareness with regard to the assessment process by using seminars, lectures and newsletters, improving the existing faculty assessment tools taking into account the different colleges and specializations in addition to supporting the tools computerization process for efficiency.

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Rights of Intellectual Property from Law & Jurisprudence Perspectives

Rights of Intellectual Property from Law & Jurisprudence Perspectives

Mohammad Al Shalash

dralshalash@yahoo.com

Received : 05-08-2006 , Accepted : 10-04-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This paper focuses on protection of intellectual property rights as a recent issue which was not common at the times of our ancestors. It is an outcome of a sophisticated life that characterized by highly complex technology developments in intellectual, economic, industrial, and other fields of knowledge. This of course has led to a significant progress in many aspects as writing, translation work, electronic programs, and documentary and cinema industry. These developments have resulted in the emergence of what is called a competitive market. Producers and businesses in general are strongly motivated to improve the quality of their products under the pressure of such a competitive market. Writers, traders, inventors, artists, programmers …etc have become highly concerned about the means of protecting their rights from being manipulated or illegally used. International and regional bodies or organizations are formed to carry the responsibility of securing these rights. Moreover, many international agreements and treaties have dealt with this matter. Types, components, characteristics and causes of rights and intellectual property (IP) have extensively discussed in this paper. Furthermore, the concept of money and the history of legislations pertaining to (IP) in Islam and the man made law in Palestine have been elaborated and matched. The paper ends up with some crucial or valuable results and recommendations.

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Emotional Intelligence and its Relationship with Happiness and Self-Confidence among Al-Aqsa University Students

Emotional Intelligence and its Relationship with Happiness and Self-Confidence among Al-Aqsa University Students

Amal Judeh

amaljudeh@yahoo.com

Received : 11-07-2006 , Accepted : 10-04-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aimed at exploring the levels of emotional intelligence, happiness and self- confidence among Al- Aqsa University students. The study aimed also at knowing relationship of emotional intelligence with happiness and self- confidence, and the effects of gender on emotional intelligence, happiness and self- confidence. The sample of the study consisted of (85) male and (146) female. The researcher used Emotional Intelligence scale, Oxford Happiness Inventory and Self- Confidence Scale. The results revealed that, the levels of emotional intelligence, happiness and self- confidence were as follows: 70,67%, 63,16%, 62,34%. The results revealed that, emotional intelligence was positively related to happiness and self- confidence. The results also revealed that, there were no significant mean differences in total score on emotional intelligence, happiness and self- confidence due to gender.

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Scientific Cognitive Achievement among Track and Field Players and Coaches in Jordan

Scientific Cognitive Achievement among Track and Field Players and Coaches in Jordan

Aman Khasawneh, Zohair Al Zoubi

amana752001@yahoo.com

Received : 24-05-2006 , Accepted : 10-04-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aimed at determining levels of scientific cognitive achievement among track and field players and coaches based on gender and educational level. A descriptive research design was initialized to collect information from a sample of 121 players and coaches. The instrument used in this study had six dimensions including historical, rules, physical, nutrition, injuries and biomechanics. The overall results of the study indicated that track and field players had an average level of scientific cognitive achievement while coaches had above average cognitive achievement. The highest levels of scientific cognitive achievement for both track and field players and coaches were on the rule and historical dimensions where as the lowest levels were on injuries and biomechanics dimensions for track and field players; biomechanics, nutrition and physical dimensions for coaches. Moreover, differences were not found between players and coaches, based on cognitive achievement and gender. However, differences were found based on educational levels for the degree of bachelors. The study proposed a number of theoretical and practical implications for individual working in the aria of track and field.

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The Psychological and Social Effects Resulted from Unpaid Salaries to the Palestinian Authority Employees

The Psychological and Social Effects Resulted from Unpaid Salaries to the Palestinian Authority Employees

Mohammed Asalia, Abed El-Raouf Al-Tala?

asslea123@yahoo.com

Received : 12-06-2006 , Accepted : 10-04-2007

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aimed at determining the psychological and social effects resulted from unpaid salaries to the Palestinian Authority employees and to find out if there are significant differences in these effects due to gender, salary value, political affiliation. The study was conducted on a sample of 120 employees (60 males and 60 females), by using the scale of the psychological and social effects which was designed by the researchers. The results of the study revealed that most of the psychological and social effects which resulted from the unpaid salaries were:, stress, anxiety, losing enjoyment of life, depression, psychosomatic, loneliness, meaningless, indifference and criminality. In addition, there were significant differences due to gender in criminality variable in favor of males. Also, results indicated that the long the period of unpaid salaries, the worse the psychological condition was Psychological and social effects were negative, where there were a feeling of sorrow, anger, irritation, depression, stress and then meaningless, indifference and loneliness. Significant differences existed according to political affiliation in: stress, anxiety, losing enjoyment of life, depression, psychosomatic, loneliness, meaningless indifference, criminality and it has more effect on Fateh movement affiliation in total degree. Lastly, the result of the study showed there were no significant differences according to the salary value.

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The Reality of Immoral Crimes in Jordan during (1998 – 2004)‎‏ ‏A Sociological Study

The Reality of Immoral Crimes in Jordan during (1998 – 2004)‎‏ ‏A Sociological Study

Hussein Al-Khozahe

ohok_90@yahoo.com

Received : 25-03-2006 , Accepted : 28-11-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study endeavors to discuss the reality and facts about the Immoral Crimes which were committed in Jordan during the period from 1998 – 2004. It attempts to reveal the crimes statistics, types, geographical distribution in Jordan, professions of the defendants, their distribution depending on age group and the motives behind such crimes. To achieve such information the researcher has reviewed the records and statistics of the Criminal Information Department of the General Security Directorate by field visits to the Directorate to obtain such data, and to analyze the data revealed in the annual criminal statistics reports issued by the Directorate. The study has eventually concluded that the immoral crimes constitute (7%) only of the total crimes which were committed in Jordan From 1998-2004. Age group (18-27) has committed half of these crimes, while the jobless have committed more than half (ie 53.2%) of these crimes. The immoral public crimes has occupied the first place amongst these crimes (29.6 %) and they are followed by rape crimes (28.39%). To minimize such crimes, we and families need to increase the awareness and culture of such immoral acts and behaviors.

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Measuring the Impact of a New Policy on Industry in Gaza

Measuring the Impact of a New Policy on Industry in Gaza

Abdalla El-Habil

abdalla20022002@yahoo.com

Department of Applied Statistics, Faculty of Economics and ‎Administrative Sciences; Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine

Received : 22-04-2006 , Accepted : 08-02-2006

Language: English

Abstract

This paper demonstrates an application on intervention modeling focusing on measuring the impact of Yazegi company's decision to intervene (delivering new kinds of soft drink) and the intervention impact of the Israeli constraints on sales delivery. It is found that there is a significant impact on the company sales due to the company intervention (positive impact), and the Israeli intervention (negative impact). A comparison between the non-intervention model and the intervention model has been made. It is concluded that the forecasts of the intervention model are better than forecasts of the non-intervention model, because it is closer to the actual data and has smaller standard error. This empirical study sheds light on the impact evaluation of the huge number of policies, legislations, and other intervention events.

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Narrative Types in Our Arab Heritage

Narrative Types in Our Arab Heritage

Naser Jaber (Shabaneh)‎

shabaneh@hu.edu.jo

Received : 06-03-2006 , Accepted : 28-11-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This research aims studying the real relationship between modern narrative structures, with all their forms, and Arab tradition; it also aims at following some of those forms and comparing them with some modern narrative arts, like: story, play and biography; the study tries to offer an objective scientific view, as far as possible, out from the many diverse view points, the ardour of some which to tradition and its narrative forms set them far away from truth, while others underestimated this tradition and considered it as no more than a chanting one with no room for narrative in it.

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An Analytical and Evaluative Study of the Islamic Sciences ‎Questions Used in the Jordanian General Secondary Certificate ‎Examinations for Years (199

An Analytical and Evaluative Study of the Islamic Sciences ‎Questions Used in the Jordanian General Secondary Certificate ‎Examinations for Years (1997-2005) in Light of Cognitive Levels‎

Naser Al-Khawaldeh, Majdi Al-Mashaleh, Mohammad Al-Gudah

m_mashaleh@arabou-jo.edu.jo

Received : 26-02-2006 , Accepted : 28-11-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The present paper aimed at analyzing and evaluating the Islamic sciences questions of the Jordanian Secondary Certificate Examinations. The study also revealed the questions representation of Bloom's cognitive levels. The researchers developed an instrument of analysis, which was ensured to be valid and reliable. The findings of the study were as follows: Most of the questions focused on the levels of comprehension, knowledge and analysis. And they excluded application, synthesis and evaluation levels. Most of the questions used were of: (a) the objective types (true, false, multiple-choice, and matching). (b): subjective types (short-answer, open-ended questions). None of the questions used were of the completion type. In light of the findings, the researchers recommended the necessity of having measurement and evaluation experts in writing questions of exams and other recommendations built on the results.

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The Reality of Health Services Programs Presented to Students of ‎Zarqa Governorate Schools from the School Principals Points of ‎View‎

The Reality of Health Services Programs Presented to Students of ‎Zarqa Governorate Schools from the School Principals Points of ‎View‎

Ahmed Badh

dr‎_baddh@yahoo.com

Received : 14-01-2006 , Accepted : 28-11-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The study aimed to identify and shed the lights on the reality of the health services programs presented to the students of Zarqa Governorate Schools, through answering the following question: what is the reality of the health services programs presented to the students of Zarqa Governorate schools as seen by the principals? The study population consisted of all schools principals in Zarqa Governorate (316) for the academic year (2003/2004) the researcher prepard a questionaire consisted of 40 items, covered fields of schools health programs: health services, health education, schools health environment, the researcher also verified the validity and reliability of study tool. To answer the study question averages and percentages were applied for each item of the fields of school health services programs presented in the schools. The study concluded that the level of implementation of health services programs in the schools of Zarqa Governerate is medium. The researcher recommended an increase in the training of the medical and associated medical staff by the supervisors of the school health services, increase the teachers and officials in medical school health services, and advise the directors of the educational directorates to be more interested in accomplishing the environmental reforms required by the staff of school health programs.

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Design Criteria of Arab School Web Sites

Design Criteria of Arab School Web Sites

Ali Shaqqour

zuhdi4@yahoo.com

Department of Teaching Methodology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 03-10-2005 , Accepted : 28-11-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The aim of this study is to sketch a theoretical framework for evaluating Arab schools web sites through following criteria when designing and evaluating these sites. These criteria are drawn and elicited from Web sites’ design and evaluation related literature.

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Imposed Integration within Economic Relationship between the ‎Occupied Palestinian Territories and both of Israel and Jordan ‎‎(1968-1998)‎

Imposed Integration within Economic Relationship between the ‎Occupied Palestinian Territories and both of Israel and Jordan ‎‎(1968-1998)‎

Gaber Abu-Game’‎

gaberh9@hotmail.com

Received : 09-03-2005 , Accepted : 28-11-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study discusses the important aspects of integration within the economic relation between the West Bank and Gaza Strip and both of Israel and Jordan. It discusses three types of integration: customs union with Israel, the integration of Palestinian employment with Israeli labor market, and monetary integration with both of Israel and Jordan. It highlights the Israeli dominance on Palestinian trade on the account of trade with both Jordan, as a traditional historical partner, and the rest of the world (ROW) under the impact of imposed customs union with Israel. In addition, the study shows the dependence of Palestinian employment on Israeli market which has led to the exaggeration of unemployment following the interruption of economic integration since the first Palestinian Intifada in 1987. Moreover, monetary integration with Israel has made the Palestinian economy more affected by disfavourable macroeconomic stabilization policies. Meanwhile, positive effects of Jordanian policies have been very negligible due to the deepness of economic integration between the West Bank & Gaza Strip and Israel.

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Situation of the Palestinian Woman in the Political Participation and ‎Locally (Gaza Strip Example)‎

Situation of the Palestinian Woman in the Political Participation and ‎Locally (Gaza Strip Example)‎

Riyad El-Aila

riadelaila@yahoo.es

Received : 07-08-2005 , Accepted : 28-11-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The Palestinian Woman is playing an important role in the community development Process. In order to make her role more active, basic elements should be available to be able for a positive participation in the development movement by guiding her to the political participation.. Participation of women in the political development gives her enough power to share man the responsibilities and obligations, which reflect the important progress of the society in the various fields. Also her participation in the political life is considered as an important factor of democracy, since that reflects the nature of the social and political system for any country. In Palestine and since the British mandate in 1922, The Palestinian woman has played a main role through out the Palestinian struggle against British occupation, and still continuous against the Israelis occupation. Since the establishment of PNA in 1994, the woman role has increased more and more in the political life, that was through Candidating her to the position of PNA president, and to become a membership in the legislative council in 1996 elections, and also her participation in the local and presidential election in 2005, after the death of the president Arafat, and finally, her participation in the current legislation election 2006. Since development has interference political, social and economic aspects react together the independence of the woman will share in her freedom from the social restrictions and will help her in the community development movement. But this role will not be active if she doesn’t work harder to increase her position in the political life and in the civil society, and this has become through a group of factors, the most important factors are understanding the interaction between women and the social and historical movements, which help her for more success in various fields especially the political sharing towards handling effective leadership positions. This study discusses the historical development of Palestinians women role in the political sharing, and the role of the Palestinian institutions to improve woman sharing, and the results show a lot of social, economic, political and legal obstacles prevent woman from powerful sharing in the local and political fields, and show different obstacles the woman herself creates against her political and local sharing.

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The Concept of Al-Baraka in the Glorious Qur’an “the Baraka of ‎Beit ‎ِAl- Maqdes” A linguistic and Literary Study‎

The Concept of Al-Baraka in the Glorious Qur’an “the Baraka of ‎Beit ‎ِAl- Maqdes” A linguistic and Literary Study‎

Izzat Faris

moezf@uop.edu.jo

Received : 11-04-2006 , Accepted : 29-08-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The present research is concerned with the study of a sacred word in the glorious Qur`an, i.e., the word Baraka (blessing). A reference has been made to the places where this word occurs in various Suras (chapters). In specific, its form and derivatives as regards Beit Al- Maqdes (Al-Aqsa Mosque). The recurrences are seven Ayas (verses) which the researcher has fathomed in the light of As-Sunna (Traditions) and the resources of language, history and exegesis among others. The researcher has concluded by shedding light on the significance of Beit Al-Maqdes in which Al-baraka is deeply rooted as a mosque, land, man, birds, trees, fruits, plants and stones. He has called for abandoning disappointment and despair from God’s promise and for exerting efforts to liberate the land of Isra’ and Mi’raj (Prophet Mohammad’s night journey and ascension to heaven) from its usurpers by the will of God, glory be to Him.

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The Effect of using Floating Equipment that Helps in Learning some ‎Basic Swimming Skills for Students of Physical Education in ‎Palestine Technical C

The Effect of using Floating Equipment that Helps in Learning some ‎Basic Swimming Skills for Students of Physical Education in ‎Palestine Technical College

Bahjat Abu-Tame’‎

ba_tame@yahoo.com

Department of Physical Education, Palestine Technical College, Khadori, Palestine

Received : 26-02-2006 , Accepted : 29-08-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of using floating equipment that helps in learning some basic Swimming skills for Students of Physical Education. To achieve this, the researcher used the Experimental Method on an intentional sample of (24) students with no previous experience in swimming. This sample was divided in to two equal groups, the control group were taught according to the traditional method, and the experimental group were taught by using the floating equipment over eight weeks, three learning units per week. Results indicated that there are significant statistical differences in the level of performance between the two groups and for the post-test in favor for the experimental group. The researcher recommends using floating equipment in learning swimming skills and kinds.

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The Effect of Instructional Games on Immediate and Delayed ‎Achievement in Math's of 3rd Grade students in Jerusalem Suburbs ‎Schools

The Effect of Instructional Games on Immediate and Delayed ‎Achievement in Math's of 3rd Grade students in Jerusalem Suburbs ‎Schools

Afeef Zeidan, Intesar Afaneh‎

af_zeidan@yahoo.com

Received : 10-12-2005 , Accepted : 29-08-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of instructional games on immediate and delayed achievement in math's of 3rd grade students in Jerusalem Suburbs schools. The population of this study consists of 3rd grade students (N=1630) in the second semester of the academic year 2004/2005. The sample comprises two sections of 3rd grade (n=68) in Izareia Basic School، The two sections are divided into two groups; one as an experimental group which works with instructional games، and the second as control group that learns traditionally. An achievement exam was used to measure the immediate and delayed achievement with reliability (0.88). The results of the study have shown the following: (1). There were no statistically significant differences at (? ? 0.05) in the immediate achievement in math's of 3rd grade students due to the method of teaching or gender or the interaction between them. (2) There were statistically significant differences at (? ? 0.05) in the delayed achievement in math's of the 3rd grade students due to the method of teaching for the benefit of experimental group and in gender for the benefit of females. There were also no significant differences due to the interaction between method of teaching and gender.

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The Woman Image in “Alkhawarej” Poetry During Umayyad Period

The Woman Image in “Alkhawarej” Poetry During Umayyad Period

Mohammed Dawabsheh

mdawabsheh@aauj.edu

Received : 20-03-2006 , Accepted : 29-08-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This research tries to draw a portrait for women in the “Alkhawarej” poetry during the “Umayyad” period and clarify their psychology and emotions towards what is going around them, mainly with reference to ideological as well social disputes in that period. Moreover, the research came to clarify women’s attitudes towards conflicting groups with dependence on their poetry and others. The researcher followed the analytical descriptive method in studying poetry, due to the fact it is the most suiting for that period.

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The Effects of Financial liberalization on Monetary Policy and the ‎Money Multiplier‏ ‏‎(The Jordanian Case)‎

The Effects of Financial liberalization on Monetary Policy and the ‎Money Multiplier‏ ‏‎(The Jordanian Case)‎

Nizar El-Isa

drnazarelissa@hotmail.com

Received : 12-11-2005 , Accepted : 29-08-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

Financial Liberalization that started in the 1980`s countries to confront monetary policy with several challenges that important to help studying and following it effects especially in LDC`S The Maine purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible effects of financial Liberlization on monetary policy and its instruments. By comparing pre-liberalization period with post liberalization period in Jordan, the following conclusions have been reached. (1) Deepening of the financial and banking sector in the Jordanian economy with an increase in the private sector share in total domestic credit. (2) Substantial increase in total domestic credit and in the use of checks as an instrument of payment. (3) A noticeable increase in both (M1) and (M2) measures of the supply of money in addition to changesin the composition of the supply of money and its velocity. (4) The Central Bank of Jordan was able to maintain a stable foreign exchange rate (anchored to US dollar) with an expansionary monetary policy. (5) Jordan has scored reasonable success in moving from direct instruments to indirect instruments of monetary policy. (6) Market forces have become more effective in monetary policy which is indicated by a significant correlation with the money multiplier. In view of the above, study recommends that the Central Bank does the following: [1]. To continue the gradual expansion of financial liberalization. [2] To keep control of the supply of money by using deposit certificates in controlling the monetary base and domestic liquidity.

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Motives for Practicing Sports Activities‏ ‏by Birzeit University ‎Students

Motives for Practicing Sports Activities‏ ‏by Birzeit University ‎Students

Ali At-Taher

alitaher53@yahoo.com

Received : 16-11-2005 , Accepted : 29-08-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aims at identifying the degree of motivation by Birzeit University students towards practicing sports activities and identifying the discrepancy in the students’ level of motivation according to gender and college variables. The sample included 394 female and male students. It was conducted using Fredrick & Ryan 1993 scale that consists of thirty items divided into five domains: interest and enjoyment, competition, appearance, physical fitness, social relations domain. The data was analyzed using percentages, means, and the Two-Way ANOVA. The results showed that students practicing in terms of priority came as follows respectively: physical fitness, (82.2%), appearance (74.2%), enjoyment (72.8%), competition (71.8%) and social relations (66.6%). The study also indicated that there was no significant statistical difference in the student’s motivation due to gender and college variables. Moreover, there was no interaction between them except in the domain of appearance and physical fitness. The study drew the attention of the students Affairs Deanery to the importance of sports activities that develop social relationships.

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Effect of Some Remembering Strategies on‏ ‏Information Recall in ‎Relation to Students Gender and Learning Motivation

Effect of Some Remembering Strategies on‏ ‏Information Recall in ‎Relation to Students Gender and Learning Motivation

Fawwaz Ibraheem

balappuniv@yahoo.com

Received : 24-09-2005 , Accepted : 29-08-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study aimed to assessing the effect of some mnemonics on ninthgrade- students recall of information in light of student gender and learning motivation. Subjects of the study were 257 students (130 males and 127 females) chosen randomly from seven different schools in Salt city/Jordan. A learning motivation scale was applied on the students who were accordingly divided into 4 groups. Students of each group were trained on one of the remembering strategies: loci, narrative, key word and awareness. A remembering test developed by the researcher was applied before and after the training sessions. Results of three - way covariance revealed significant differences among students of the 4 groups in the remembering level. Students of high motivation performed better than other groups. Students who were trained on both the narrative and the key word strategies were superior to those trained on the loci and awareness strategies. On the other hand, no differences were found due to students’ gender.

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The Image of Prince Yousef Bin Tashafin in the Treatises ‎Literatures in the Ages of Tawaif and Murabitin

The Image of Prince Yousef Bin Tashafin in the Treatises ‎Literatures in the Ages of Tawaif and Murabitin

Raed Abdel-Raheem

rarrabeh@yahoo.com

Received : 17-08-2005 , Accepted : 29-08-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

Prince Yousef Bin Tashfin is a leader of great effect in the Islamic history in general and that of Morocco and Andalusia history in particular he could by his political affair and characteristics to rescue Muslims of Andalusia from their foes and from the despotism of their rulers. He united them and their countries and stopped Christian movements under Al-Fonso, who thought that Muslims and their territory was under his order and peck and dominance. For all of that Muslims liked him and looked upon him with admiration and high consideration, and reckoned him as the savor and rescuer who could make them get rid of injustice, fear full life. They succumbed under it. Their men of letters glorified him and said too much praising his deeds and achievements. Despite that there is no comprehensive academic study about his image from different aspects in literature, from this point this research has emerged to pin point that image of artful treaties in the age Tawaif and Murabiteen, included in an introduction and six chapters as follows: - Reason for asking help from Bin Tashafin. - His characteristics. -His method in governance and country administration. - Legality (legitimacy) of his governance to Andalusia and reasons that led him to depose Al-Tawaif kings. - His relationship. -His army.

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The Relationship between Brain Dominance and the Academic ‎Specialization of Students in Schools and Universities in Jordan

The Relationship between Brain Dominance and the Academic ‎Specialization of Students in Schools and Universities in Jordan

Mohammed Nofal

mnofl@yahoo.com

Received : 28-02-2005 , Accepted : 29-08-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

This study is intended to investigate correlative relationship between the type of brain dominance and the student choice of his academic study. The sample of the study incorporate (453) students of the basic and secondary cycles, the students of Educational Science Faculty (UNWA), faculty of Engineering and faculty of Nursing in the academic year 2003/04.The tool used in the study is the Hemisphere Dominance Inventory Test. The result of the study showed the dominance of the left hemisphere comes first, the dominance of the right hemisphere comes next, and thirdly comes the balanced dominance. The Two – Way Variant Analysis showed differences with statistical significance for the academic specialization variant. When Scheffe test used the differences were for the student of basic and secondary cycles. Chi square test revealed that there was statistically significant correlation between brain dominance and the academic specialization. The study came up with some recommendation: the importance of activating the functions of the right hemisphere, conducting for the studies on the types of brain dominance foe different ages and different cultural backgrounds, preparing new measurement tools for brain dominance, and finally co-operative bridging neurologists and the educationalists.

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Assessing the Impact of Central Bank Intervention on Exchange ‎Rate: New Evidence from Transfer Function Modeling

Assessing the Impact of Central Bank Intervention on Exchange ‎Rate: New Evidence from Transfer Function Modeling

Abdelwahed Trabelsi*, Abdalla El-Habil**‎

abdalla20022002@yahoo.com

‎*High Institute of Management, University of Tunis,Tunis‎ ‎**Department of Applied Statistics, Faculty of Economics and ‎Administrative Sciences; Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine.‎

Received : 06-06-2005 , Accepted : 24-05-2006

Language: English

Abstract

Recently, only econometric models like GARCH and EGARCH investigated the instant effects of central banks interventions. In this paper, extended study for investigating and analyzing the dynamic effects is conducted using transfer function modeling. We investigate the effect of the Reserve Bank of Australia on the $US/$A exchange rate in the period 1983 -1997, which can be broken into four distinct phases. Equally, we investigate the changing effectiveness of daily intervention into various separate components. We rely on a new strategy implied by the transfer function modeling that outperforms the traditionally used EGARCH one. This methodology is considered a very important tool; it leads to evaluating the instant and dynamic effects in long term and for avoiding future economic shocks. As far as our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the effects of foreign exchange market interventions on the exchange rate by using the transfer function modeling.

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The Standard of Voting for the Members of the Palestinian ‎Legislative Council in the 2006 Elections According to the ‎Palestinian Voters

The Standard of Voting for the Members of the Palestinian ‎Legislative Council in the 2006 Elections According to the ‎Palestinian Voters

Hussein Yousef, Mahmoud Abu Alrub, Taher Al-Masri

hussein596@yahoo.com

Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 20-11-2005 , Accepted : 12-04-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The aim of this study is to define and arrange the characteristics that voters wish to see in the members of the Palestinian Legislative

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The Implementation of Total Quality Management in the Faculty of ‎Economics and Administrative Science in Al Azhar University- Gaza‎

The Implementation of Total Quality Management in the Faculty of ‎Economics and Administrative Science in Al Azhar University- Gaza‎

Nihaya Al-Tilbani, Wafeeq Al-Aghaa, Khaleel Hajjaj

nihaya45@hotmail.com

Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine

Received : 11-09-2005 , Accepted : 12-04-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) dimensions in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science in Al Azhar University – Gaza. Many studies have been conducted on implementing (TQM) in the academic institutions locally، nationally, and internationally. Most of these studies pointed to the importance of implementing (TQM) in the education sector in response for rapid environmental changes and increasing of customer perception to the importance of quality. The previous studies and the Palestinian Accreditation and Quality Assurance Commission Model were used as a tool for this study. All the academic staff of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science were included in the study. The study revealed that in general the Faculty is implementing (TQM) at a middle level and there is no significant statistical differences in the implementation of (TQM) as far as the academic degree، years of experience, and age are concerned for all quality dimensions. The study also revealed that there were no significant statistical differences in the implementation of (

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Sugarcane in Palestine During the Crusaders Reign‏ ‏‎492-690 H /‎‏ ‏‎1099-1291‎‏ ‏A.D

Sugarcane in Palestine During the Crusaders Reign‏ ‏‎492-690 H /‎‏ ‏‎1099-1291‎‏ ‏A.D

Abdel-Rahman Al-Mughrabi

amughrabi@qou.edu

Al-Quds Open University, Nablus Educational Region, Nablus, Palestine

Received : 06-06-2005 , Accepted : 12-04-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The Muslim Arabs were concerned with sugarcane agriculture which largely spread in Damascene States and Egypt; and they developed manufacturing the juice of sugarcane and its commercial exportation. When the Crusaders came to the east, they knew sugarcane for the first time while they were sieging Antakia City, and they learned the method of its growing and manufacturing and introduced it into Europe. In this study, the researcher handled the agriculture and manufacture of sugarcane in Palestine in particular, in four topics: the first topic handled the areas of agriculture and the factors of its prosperity and the agricultural methods used in the field; the second topic discussed manufacturing sugarcane and the most important areas of its industry; the third topic discussed sugar trade and taxes imposed on it and its exportation to the east and west; and the fourth topic discussed the role of sugar crops in supporting the external economy in Palestine, and indicated the most important factors which caused the decline of its agriculture manufacture in Palestine. The study suggested a group of results and recommendations that can return the agriculture and manufacture of sugarcane in Palestine to its previous prosperity, especially the agriculture of sugarcane is still receiving great concern in some of the areas adjacent to Palestine such as Arab Republic of Egypt.

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The Effect of Immediate and Delayed Feedback on the Performance ‎of Selected Gymnastics Skills

The Effect of Immediate and Delayed Feedback on the Performance ‎of Selected Gymnastics Skills

Imad Abdel-Haq, Ahmed Bani-Ata

prof_imad@yahoo.com

Received : 18-05-2005 , Accepted : 12-04-2006

Language: Arabic

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to the determine the effect of immediate and delayed feedback on the performance of selected Gymnastics skills. The sample was consisted of a (30) subjects selected purposely, and they were divided equally to two experimental groups, immediate and delayed feed back. The results revealed a significant effect between pre and post test in favor of post test for both immediate and delayed feedback on handstand and cartwheel skills. Furthermore, the results revealed significant differences in the post test in cartwheel between immediate and delayed feedback in favor of immediate feedback, while there were no significant differences in handstand between immediate and delayed feedback.

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